Marketing underutilized crops: the case of the African garden egg (Solanum ethiopicum) in Ghana

The overall objective of this study is to analyze constraints affecting the African garden egg market chain in Ghana. Furthermore, to identify the factors that help determine the success of market chain development of garden egg in Ghana; and to analyze the effect of market development on biodiversity

Estado nutricional, hábitos alimentarios y actividad física en escolares de la ciudad de Corrientes

La prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en niños y adolescentes ha aumentado, considerándose una epidemia mundial. Los resultados de la EMSE 2012 evidenciaron que el sobrepeso entre los estudiantes de la Argentina fue de 28,6%, siendo mayor entre varones (35,9% vs. 21,8% mujeres) y con mayor prevalencia a menor edad. En relación con la obesidad, la prevalencia fue de 5,9%, siendo más frecuente entre varones (8,3%) que entre mujeres (3,6%). Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron determinar estado nutricional, las características de los hábitos alimentarios y la actividad física en escolares de 10 a 15 años. Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal. Como herramienta de recolección de datos se utilizó un cuestionario semi-estructurado. Se obtuvieron 199 encuestas de escolares de 10 a 15 años de edad (media: 12), en su mayoría de sexo femenino (56%). Resultados: La frecuencia de sobrepeso y obesidad fueron de 14,5% y 0.5% respectivamente. Se evidenció que el 82 % realizaba algún tipo de actividad física. Dentro de las actividades realizadas por los escolares se encuentran en un 57% actividades deportivas grupales y en un 43% actividades deportivas individuales. Se estableció la media de consumo semanal de alimentos: 3.5 días/semana yogurt y queso 2,5 días/semana carne de vaca, pollo 3 días/semana y 1.5 días/semana de pescado, salchichas y hamburguesas 2 días/semana. Se observó un consumo medio de verduras de 2.5 días/semana, mientras que el consumo de alimentos enlatados y fiambres fue de 2 días/semana. Las comidas chatarra y snacks se consumieron 2 días/semana y golosinas 3 días/semana. Es importante la implementación de programas de capacitación en escuelas y en la comunidad, orientados a motivar el consumo de alimentos saludables, la realización de actividad física para prevenir enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles

Conservation and Management of Genetic Resources of Sorghum, Pearl millet, Chickpea, Pigeonpea, Groundnut and other Small millets in the ICRISAT Genebank

ICRISAT operates as a system of genebanks with a main genebank located in Patancheru, (India) and other 3 genebanks located in Niamey (Niger), Nairobi (Kenya) and Bulawayo (Zimbabwe). Each of these genebanks perform all the regular operations and conserve and distribute accessions to users according to their location. In its active collection the ICRISAT genebank at Patancheru holds more than 119,000 accessions of sorghum, groundnut, chickpea, pigeonpea, pearl millet and six other small millets (finger millet, foxtail millet, barnyard millet, kodo millet, little millet and proso millet). In total the genebank conserves accession of 11 different crops that represent 70 – 80% of the available diversity (Upadhyaya et al. 2008). Additionally, accessions of groundnut and pearl millet are also stored at Niamey, accession of sorghum and pearl millet at Bulawayo, and accessions of sorghum, pigeon pea and chickpea at the Nairobi genebank (Koo et al. 2004). In this evaluation we have evaluated only the Patancheru genebank and the main genetic materials conserved in its facilities. 11 The only previous cost evaluation of the ICRISAT genebank corresponds to the work of Koo et al. (2004) that also concentrated on the accessions kept at Patancher

Multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase IV-III study to evaluate the efficacy of cloxacillin plus fosfomycin versus cloxacillin alone in adult patients with methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: Study protocol for the SAFO trial

Introduction Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) bacteraemia is a frequent condition, with high mortality rates. There is a growing interest in identifying new therapeutic regimens able to reduce therapeutic failure and mortality observed with the standard of care of beta-lactam monotherapy. In vitro and small-scale studies have found synergy between cloxacillin and fosfomycin against S. aureus. Our aim is to test the hypothesis that cloxacillin plus fosfomycin achieves higher treatment success than cloxacillin alone in patients with MSSA bacteraemia. Methods We will perform a superiority, randomised, open-label, phase IV-III, two-armed parallel group (1:1) clinical trial at 20 Spanish tertiary hospitals. Adults (=18 years) with isolation of MSSA from at least one blood culture =72 hours before inclusion with evidence of infection, will be randomly allocated to receive either cloxacillin 2 g/4-hour intravenous plus fosfomycin 3 g/6-hour intravenous or cloxacillin 2 g/4-hour intravenous alone for 7 days. After the first week, sequential treatment and total duration of antibiotic therapy will be determined according to clinical criteria by the attending physician. Primary endpoints: (1) Treatment success at day 7, a composite endpoint comprising all the following criteria: patient alive, stable or with improved quick-Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, afebrile and with negative blood cultures for MSSA at day 7. (2) Treatment success at test of cure (TOC) visit: patient alive and no isolation of MSSA in blood culture or at another sterile site from day 8 until TOC (12 weeks after randomisation). We assume a rate of treatment success of 74% in the cloxacillin group. Accepting alpha risk of 0.05 and beta risk of 0.2 in a two-sided test, 183 subjects will be required in each of the control and experimental groups to obtain statistically significant difference of 12% (considered clinically significant). Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval has been obtained from the Ethics Committee of Bellvitge University Hospital (AC069/18) and from the Spanish Medicines and Healthcare Product Regulatory Agency (AEMPS, AC069/18), and is valid for all participating centres under existing Spanish legislation. The results will be presented at international meetings and will be made available to patients and funders. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ

Extended Thromboprophylaxis with Betrixaban in Acutely Ill Medical Patients

Background Patients with acute medical illnesses are at prolonged risk for venous thrombosis. However, the appropriate duration of thromboprophylaxis remains unknown. Methods Patients who were hospitalized for acute medical illnesses were randomly assigned to receive subcutaneous enoxaparin (at a dose of 40 mg once daily) for 10±4 days plus oral betrixaban placebo for 35 to 42 days or subcutaneous enoxaparin placebo for 10±4 days plus oral betrixaban (at a dose of 80 mg once daily) for 35 to 42 days. We performed sequential analyses in three prespecified, progressively inclusive cohorts: patients with an elevated d-dimer level (cohort 1), patients with an elevated d-dimer level or an age of at least 75 years (cohort 2), and all the enrolled patients (overall population cohort). The statistical analysis plan specified that if the between-group difference in any analysis in this sequence was not significant, the other analyses would be considered exploratory. The primary efficacy outcome was a composite of asymptomatic proximal deep-vein thrombosis and symptomatic venous thromboembolism. The principal safety outcome was major bleeding. Results A total of 7513 patients underwent randomization. In cohort 1, the primary efficacy outcome occurred in 6.9% of patients receiving betrixaban and 8.5% receiving enoxaparin (relative risk in the betrixaban group, 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.65 to 1.00; P=0.054). The rates were 5.6% and 7.1%, respectively (relative risk, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.66 to 0.98; P=0.03) in cohort 2 and 5.3% and 7.0% (relative risk, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.63 to 0.92; P=0.006) in the overall population. (The last two analyses were considered to be exploratory owing to the result in cohort 1.) In the overall population, major bleeding occurred in 0.7% of the betrixaban group and 0.6% of the enoxaparin group (relative risk, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.67 to 2.12; P=0.55). Conclusions Among acutely ill medical patients with an elevated d-dimer level, there was no significant difference between extended-duration betrixaban and a standard regimen of enoxaparin in the prespecified primary efficacy outcome. However, prespecified exploratory analyses provided evidence suggesting a benefit for betrixaban in the two larger cohorts. (Funded by Portola Pharmaceuticals; APEX ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01583218. opens in new tab.

Leisure Behavior Pattern Stability During the Transition from Adolescence to Young Adulthood

Leisure is an important context in which human development occurs. Changes in leisure behavior patterns may indicate changing developmental needs or reflect contextual changes that impact leisure behavior. The transition from adolescence to young adulthood provides an excellent opportunity for the study of the stability of leisure behavior as individuals' contexts are changed with the adoption of adult roles and the potential for disruption of leisure patterns exists. Previous studies investigating leisure and the transition from adolescence to young adulthood have tended to be cross-sectional and focus on specific leisure behaviors rather than identifying patterns of leisure behavior. The present study involved a longitudinal investigation of leisure behavior patterns over a three-year period during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood, and determined the nature of leisure pattern stability and instability during this period. In general, leisure pattern stability was the most common pathway into young adulthood. The patterns of leisure behavior and the nature of the changes that occurred with the transition from adolescence to young adulthood differed to some degree for males and females, although similarities in patterns and transitions were also found.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/45285/1/10964_2004_Article_411255.pd